思路可以逆向倒推：产品尺寸-----产品制作过程中的收缩因素（材料，工艺等）-----模具尺寸-----制作模具过程中的收缩因素（模具材料，工艺等）-------母模的尺寸
每一个重要过程考虑放量的时候都需要前后照应，也要结合批量生产的因素，这个量，目前还没有办法定标准，与制作个体有极大关系，经验至关重要 Chapter I Introduction
第一章 介绍
Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) parts are molded to the design shape using a cure tool (commonly called a mold) and a molding protocol. At its minimum, a mold consists of a mold skin.
纤维加强塑料件（FRP）成型需使用固化工具（通常叫做模具）和压模程序。模具至少应包括模具外壳。
The molding protocol has a large impact on the cure tool design. When a molding process involves high pressures, or whenever any mold deflection must be limited, bracing is used to reinforce the mold skin. This can be accomplished with any combination of increased thickness, the use of cores, and/or shaped stiffener elements like hat-section or c-section laminates. Each case of bracing can be unique in its design. When a mold skin is larger than a few square feet, a framing system is also used to provide a means of handling the mold skin without causing it to be deformed or fractured. A framing system can be one of two types. The simplest framing system supports the dead weight of the mold and concentrates it on a few load points. The more complex type also provides structural support to react molding forces and restrict mold deformation. Both systems provide a means of grabbing the mold for lifting and transport operations.
压模程序对固化工具设计有很大影响。当成型过程中需要较大压力时，或者需要限制模具变型时，补强件用来加强模具外壳。可以通过结合以下方法实现：增加厚度，使用芯材和/或加强筋，例如帽形薄板或c形薄板。每个补强件在其设计中可以是唯一的。当模具外壳大于几平方英尺时，也可以使用支架以防止模具外壳变形或断裂。支架系统有两种类型。最简单的支架系统将承受模具的静载荷，且将这些载荷集中在一些载荷点上。更复杂的结构支架会抵消成型力，限制模具变型。这两种系统都可应用于举起和运输模具。
Most mold skins used to produce FRP parts are fashioned from FRP type materials. For high production runs, a metal mold skin can be most economical, but at a higher up-front cost. An FRP type mold skin is produced using a master model, also known as a pattern or plug. This master model is a full-scale representation of a part design that incorporates all of the geometry for one of the part surfaces. A model may be geometrically equivalent to the part image or it can be a mirror image about the part’s external surface.
大多数用于生产FRP件的模具外壳都是使用FRP材料制成。若进行大规模生产，使用金属模具外壳可能是最经济的，但是初始投入成本较高。制作FRP模具外壳需使用原模，也可叫做基模或阳模。原模应以同样比例大小展现部件表面的形状设计。原模应和部件有一样的外形，或者是此部件外表面的镜像。
There is no quick or easy way to produce quality FRP tooling. Good tooling is a precise, painstaking craft. It begins with careful preparation of the master model and continues through the final building of the production mold. Any defects on the master model will translate onto each subsequent piece of tooling and require extra effort to remove. The highest quality production mold begins with an even-higher quality master model.
生产优质的FRP模具是没有捷径的。好模具是精细艰辛工作的结晶。必须精心准备原模和生产模具。原模的任何缺陷都会被转化到模具上，进而需要更多努力去改正。高质的生产模具源于优质原模。
The terms master model, pattern and plug are sometimes used interchangeably. Due to recent advancements in computer numerically controlled (CNC) routers, the term pattern generally describes a master model that is machined from a blank constructed of a single material or material type. In contrast, the term plug generally describes a master model that is constructed from a variety of materials and shaped manually. Neither a pattern nor a plug is particularly durable and is suitable for producing only one, or a small number of moldings. When two or more molds are required to meet production requirements, a master mold is used to produce the production molds. This master mold is a durable, robust, full-scale representation of a part image design and is constructed in the same manner as a production mold.
术语“原模，基模，阳模”有时是可互换的。由于近来科技进步，CNC数控镂铣机中，基模通常可以用来描述用单一材料或同类型材料制成的原模。相对而言，阳模用以描述各种材料手工制作的原模。基模和阳模都不是特别耐用，且仅适合生产一个或者少量模具。当要求生产两个或更多模具来满足生产要求时，需用一个原模来生产这些生产模具。
Chapter II POLYESTER TOOLING: The Master Model
第二章 聚酯模具：原模
1.Introduction概述
2.Number of Moldings模具数量
3.Surface Quality表面质量
4.Generator代数（第一代模具，第二代模具）
1. INTRODUCTION—A wide variety of materials can be used to construct the master model. Some examples are plaster, polyester resin, epoxy resin, urethane foam, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam, body filler, FRP materials, wood coated with epoxy or polyester resin, medium density fiberboard (MDF) and certain laminated Melamine®-faced sheet materials like Formica® or bathroom wallboard.
概述—生产原模可以使用各种各样的材料。例如：塑料，聚酯树脂，环氧树脂，聚氨酯发泡，PVC发泡，填料，FRP，外表涂有环氧树脂或聚酯树脂的木头，中纤板（MDF）和某些三聚氰胺面薄板，例如Formica®或浴室墙板。
2. NUMBER OF MOLDINGS—The number of moldings expected from the master model will influence the choice of materials and construction methodology. Plaster or foam-board type patterns, or plugs constructed from numerous materials will seldom survive one pull without incurring some damage. If several molds are needed, it is best to build a master mold using FRP materials.
模具的数量—从原模制得的模具数量决定于材料的选择和其结构方法。塑料或发泡板制成的基模或各种材料制成的阳模在脱模时或多或少都会有些损坏。
A master mold is robust and can be used to produce a large number of production molds.
如果原模坚固，就可以用来生产较多的生产模具。
3. SURFACE QUALITY—The surface quality of the master model is its most important feature. It should be hard, glossy and free of defects. The molding process will reproduce and worsen any defects on the master model. CCP tooling gel coat makes an excellent final coating for the master model. When properly applied, tooling gel coat provides the most fool-proof surface (see DS-45 Tooling Gel Coat Data Sheets for specific information).
表面质量——原模的表面质量非常重要。原模表面应坚硬、有光泽、无缺陷。成型过程将会复制和恶化原模上的任何缺陷。CCP模具胶衣可为原模提供很好的涂层。如果合理使用，模具胶衣将提供最佳防错误的表面。（参见DS-45模具胶衣参数单上的特殊信息）。
Resin shrinkage during the molding process will result in a part that is smaller than the master model. For some parts, the master model may be made slightly larger to offset this. The exact amount will depend on the type of resin and its inherent shrinkage, the glass content, process temperatures and the number of generations between the master model and the production part. A general rule of thumb for conventional room-temperature cured polyesters is 1/32 inch of shrinkage per linear foot when reinforced with 25 weight percent glass content. Gel coat shrinks more than fiber reinforced resin, resulting in parts that are more concave on the gel coat side. For this reason, any large, flat areas should be crowned convex to prevent dishing in the reverse direction. A crown of 1/4 inch per linear foot is typical for small panels.
成型过程中，树脂收缩将会导致部件比原模稍小。对某些部件，应将原模制做得稍大以抵消收缩。具体数值决定于树脂类型和其固有收缩量、玻纤含量、过程温度和原模翻新生产模具的次数。常规室温下固化聚酯的经验法则是：直线每一英尺的收缩量为1/32英寸（当加强玻纤重量比为25%时）。若胶衣收缩比加强树脂收缩量大，将导致部件的胶衣面上将有更多凹面。同样原因，较大的平坦表面应稍拱起以避免在相反方向凹下。对小板来说，直线每一英尺的长度通常会有1/4英寸的凸起。
4. GENERATOR—The term ‘generation’ refers to the number of successive moldings between the master model and the production part. If a production mold is made on the master model, it is a first generation production mold. If a production mold is made from a master mold that is made from the master model, it is a second generation production mold. A second generation mold requires a master model geometry that is a mirror image about the part design surface as described in the schematic below. Each subsequent generation can be slightly smaller than its predecessor. The exact amount will depend upon the materials and processes involved.
代数（第一代模具，第二代模具）—术语“代”是指原模翻成生产模具的代数。举例说就是：若原模仅制作了一个生产模具，那么这个生产模具是第一代；若生产模具来自原模制成的原模，那么这个生产模具就是第二代生产模具。第二代模具要求原模的几何形状是部件形状的镜像。每下一代可比上一代稍小。具体缩小数值决定于使用的材料和工艺方法。
Producing a master mold from the geometry of a master model that is identical to the part design surface requires an intermediate piece of tooling. This intermediate piece is made from the master model and is called a zero mold. The zero mold is used to manufacture the master mold. The master mold yields the production molds one, two, etc. Here, the zero mold is a first generation mold, the master mold is from the second generation, and all of the production molds (one, two, etc) are from the third generation.
从原模翻新原模时，如果要求翻新的原模和设计部件形状相同，就需要使用一个中间工具。这个中间工具可以从原模制得，叫做零模（过渡模）。零模是用来制作原模的。
When the master model is constructed from certain materials and/or certain combinations of materials, the boundaries between materials may become visible as witness lines in the subsequently molded FRP part. This cosmetic defect, known as mark-off, happens due to a combination of molding exotherm, substrate heat capacity, substrate thermal expansion, cure shrinkage and softening in the gel coat, both on the model and molding. The zero mold presents an opportunity to remove these witness lines by wet sanding, buffing and polishing. This is particularly true for outside edges and corners on the zero mold (convex, or ‘male’ type features). Outside features are more easily sanded than inside edges and corners (concave, or ‘female’ type features). Defects at these inside edges and corners are more easily corrected on the next piece of tooling, the master mold, when they become outside edges and corners.
当原模是由某种材料和/或某种材料的组合制成，那么这两种材料的分界线是可见的，同样在随后成型的FRP件上，此分界线也可见。外观缺陷（分界线）产生的原因为原模和模具的成型放热曲线、底材热容量、底材热膨胀、，胶衣的固化收缩和软化。零模为除去这些可见分界线提供了机会，可使用湿磨、抛光的方法。零模上的外边缘和角落是其典型特征（凸起，或公模特征）。外凸比内部边缘和角落（凹面，或母模典型特征）更容易处理。内部边缘和角落缺陷更容易在下一个工具，也就是原模上修改。在原模上，这些内凹边缘和角落就会变成凸面。
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